The Hainan Pygmy Toad Parapelophryne scalpta (Liu Hu) is the single species of the genus Parapelophryne Fei, Ye Jiang in the Family Bufonidae (Frost 2020) and is endemic to China's Hainan Island, which lies within the tropics at 18°09'-20°10'N, 108°37'-111°03'E, with a land area of ca. 33,900 km2. The taxonomy status of this species has obtained much debates since its discovery it was originally described by Liu et al. (1973) as a member of the genus Nectophryne Buchholz Peters then allocated to Pelophryne Barbour by Ye Fei (1978). On the basis of its unique morphological characters, Fei et al. (2003) erected a new genus Parapelophryne to discriminate P. scalpta from other bufonids. Some researchers, however, still listed the species under the genus Pelophryne (Stuart et al. 2008; Shi et al. 2011). Recently, the validity of the genus Parapelophryne is further confirmed by Matsui et al. (2015) on the basis of molecular analyses. Interestingly enough, Matsui et al. (2015)'s result showed that this extremely small-sized toad is a sister taxon of the large-sized toads of the genus Bufo Garsault, which is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Eurasia (Frost 2020). Parapelophryne scalpta is a forest-dependent species and only inhabits in well-preserved evergreen broadleaf forests (Fei Ye 2016). It is the smallest toad species in China with snout-vent length of 19-23 mm in adult males and 24-27 mm in females (Fei Ye 2016). Due to their small size and elusive habits, little is known about the natural history of P. scalpta and its acoustic characteristics are still undocumented (Fei Ye 2016). During a herpetological survey in Hainan in 2015, we luckily detected male calls of P. scalpta and obtained a short but clear record of the advertisement call of the species. Herein, we describe the acoustic characteristics and calling behavior of Parapelophryne scalpta.Two new marine sponges, Haliclona (Reniera) oceanus sp. nov. and Haliclona (Reniera) juckdoensis sp. nov. of the family Chalinidae were collected from Ieodo Ocean Research Station, Ulleung-do Island, Korea by SCUBA in 2016-2017. Morphologically distinct from each other, both species are assigned to the genus Haliclona subgenus Reniera. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html Haliclona (Reniera) oceanus sp. nov. is similar to H. (H.) ieoensis Kim et al. 2017 in shape, habitat, growth form, but it differs in color, ectosomal, choanosomal skeleton and spicule size. Haliclona (Reniera) juckdoensis sp. nov. is similar to H. (R.) hongdoensis Kang and Sim 2007 in habitat, ectosomal, choansomal skeleton but it differs in spicule size.Two new species of Flintiella Angrisano 1995 are described and illustrated from specimens collected with light traps in the states of Pará and Roraima, northern Brazil. Flintiella serrana sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species in the genus by the subgenital plate with incised apex, and two pairs of ventral processes. Flintiella triaena sp. nov. is distinctive with no clearly similar congeners and can be distinguished from all known species in the genus by the trident-like subgenital plate in ventral view. Additionally, we record the genus Flintiella for the first time in Roraima State.A new species of Phenacorhamdia is described from Paranapanema River, Upper Paraná River basin, southeastern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of following characters 45-46 vertebrae; an entirely dark-brown body; nine pleural ribs; eight branched rays in upper lobe of caudal fin; seven branched rays in pectoral fin; 13 anal-fin rays with 9-10 branched; first basal radial inserted at the 13th vertebrae and eight branchiostegal rays.During a recreational fishing trip on May 2017 to Isla Montuosa, Pacific coast of Panama (7.467472, -82.266556; 30 m depth), a specimen belonging to the genus Caranx was captured. The specimen showed an unusual combination of external characters, intermediate among the species known to occur in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), which caught the attention of the fishermen. A detailed analysis involving traditional morphology and molecular techniques revealed that the specimen corresponds to a hybrid of the species C. melampygus and C. sexfasciatus. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first confirmed record of hybridization within the genus and family in the TEP and the second record for the entire Pacific Ocean.The larva and female of Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang Wang associated with morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes are described and illustrated for the first time. The female is characteristic with developed dorsomesal lobe and ventrolateral lobe both densely covered with apical setae, ventrolateral lobe partially covered by dorsomesal lobe. The larva is distinguished by the shape of mentum, pecten epipharyngis, labral SI and labral SII.Minute Bidessini diving beetles of the genus Neoclypeodytes Young, 1967 from Panama are reviewed. Two new species, Neoclypeodytes balkei sp. nov. and N. fortunensis sp. nov. are described from Campana, Panama Province in central Panama, and La Fortuna, Chiriqui province in western Panama, respectively. Both species differ from all congeners by the colour pattern of the elytra and the shape of the male genitalia. Additionally, we provide a short diagnosis, illustrations and a new record for N. curtulus (Sharp, 1882). Furthermore, we report on the presence of scale-like setae at the apex of median lobe of the aedeagus of N. curtulus and N. fortunensis sp. nov., a character not previously observed in Neoclypeodytes species. With the addition of these two new species, there are now three species of Neoclypeodytes known from Panama and south of Guatemala.In the present study, we described and illustrated Aplectana minaensis n. sp. (Ascaridida Cosmocercidae) from the intestinal caecum of Amphisbaena alba Linnaeus (Squamata Amphisbaenidae). Aplectana minaensis n. sp. is the 5th species described in Brazilian hosts and 58th species assigned to the genus. This species differs from its congeners by a set of unique characters in males the presence of one unpaired precloacal papilla and gubernaculum, the papillae pattern (4+126) and total number (12+1), and the size of spicules (400-605 ?m). Among the Aplectana species with an unpaired precloacal papilla and gubernaculum, only A. minaensis n. sp. and A. nebulosa Gomez, González Sanabria, has less than 20 pairs of caudal papillae. However, these species differ in the number of caudal papillae in males (12+1 vs. 13-14+1, respectively); the number and arrangement of post cloacal papillae (6 pairs 1st to 4th pairs ventral, 5th pair laterodorsal, 6th pairventral vs. five pairs 1st and 2nd ventral, 3rd lateral, 4th ventral, 5th lateral); and by the size of spicules (413-600 vs.